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How do children get pneumonia?

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  Children can get pneumonia through various means, and the most common cause is infection with bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The infection typically enters the lungs, causing inflammation of the air sacs and leading to the development of pneumonia. Here are some common ways children can contract pneumonia: Bacterial Infections: Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus can cause bacterial pneumonia. These bacteria can be spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Viral Infections: Viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (flu), and adenovirus, are common causes of viral pneumonia. Viruses can be transmitted through respiratory secretions or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus. Aspiration: Inhaling foreign objects, such as food, liquids, or vomit, can lead to aspiration pneumonia. This is more common in young children who may not have fully developed
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Is the cost of the screening and timely intervention operation warranted,given all the considerations covered in items 1-6 above, in comparison with alternative uses of the resources

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Will the operation divert resources from other measures that are likely to be more effective? What other ways are there of addressing the problem that do not involve screening ? are these better? Will the screening operation divert health workers attention from more crucial efforts addressing the principal health problems of the population ? will it accomplish little but create the impression among the public that their problems are being dealt with and divert their attention from issues of higher priority ? In order to answer these questions , the costs and benefits of the proposed screening and intervention activities must be weighed against those of alternative strategies, taking into account both direct and indirect, as well as immediate and future , benefits . When planned thoughtfully and implemented in a population-based fashion, screening can provide a rational bases for resource allocation. it can be used to ensure that preventive measures are applied where they will have
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Will the adoption and implementation of the screening , diagnostic, and timely intervention procedures strengthen the development of the health system and overall social development, in a manner consistent with primary health care principles.

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Essential questions to ask in considering this criterion are : will the screening and – timely –intervention operation tend to increase equity in the allocation of health resources ? is it likely to result in improved health status for those in greatest need? which population groups are most likely to benefit from screening activities for asymptomatic individuals? Especially where large population groups, rural populations, or poor populations on the urban periphery, do not have access to basic health and education services , a decision to conduct screening for an asymptomatic condition is likely to increase disparities between the covered and uncovered populations in terms of the utilization of health services. Screening for asymptomatic conditions in likely to attract the more highly educated, who are also those with greater access to places where screening is performed . further more , screening will result in abnormal findings for some individuals; this will entail additional re
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Is it feasible to carry out the relevant screening diagnostic, and timely intervention procedures in a population based fashion with existing resources or with resources that could be obtained during the planning period, given sufficient political will.

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To answer this question, it is necessary to estimate the total resources and costs involved in screening ,diagnosis, and effective intervention. The estimate will be based in part on the direct and indirect costs of each screening procedure ,multiplied by the estimated number of persons to be screened . this includes the initial investment required to put in place the capacity to perform screening ,as well as the recurrent costs of performing each screening procedure . indirect costs are difficult to calculate ,but should include at least the costs of the required planning, public education, and staff training . Costs also include the costs of definitive diagnosis, based on the estimated number of people who will have abnormal results on screening , and the direct and indirect costs of performing the relevant confirmatory tests, as well as expenses for transport, record keeping, and communication. The estimate of the costs of treatment should be based on the number of persons who
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Are the screening and definitive diagnosis procedures and the appropriate interventions acceptable to the population in need of the services.

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Screening or diagnostic procedures or treatments that are inconvenient, uncomfortable, or invasive , violate cultural taboos, or result in social stigmatization or economic hardship are likely to be insufficiently used by the public. The best way to avoid introducing unacceptable services is to involve menders of the community in decisions about which services, if any , to introduce, and how . the preferences and convenience of the population to be screened and treated on the basis of screening results are frequently not considered, with predictable consequences. For example, workers need preventive services they can receive without loss of pay. Maternal and child health services, including family planning, need to be organized so as to take account of problems of child care, transport, and the responsibilities of working mothers . the maximum integration of screening activities into established, locally available services used by the population will tend to minimize inconvenience.
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Is the condition to be detected of public health importance

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The burden of suffering that the condition represents for the society should be large enough to warrant special effort. Priority should be given to conditions having a significant impact on the quality of life and survival of a large proportion of the population. Devastating but rare conditions should receive attention only after common causes of significant suffering or disability have been dealt with. Are there effective preventive or curative measures to deal with the condition when it is detected at an early stage Effective intervention may be carried out wholly or primarily within the health sector, may require intersectoral  coordination, or may depend largely on action in other sectors, agriculture . I may require action at the policy or programme level, involve community mobilization, or consist primarily of clinical treatment of individuals.  In some cases, there is no benefit to be derived from intervening before symptoms occur. Is there a safe, ethical , and efficacio
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Skin cancer

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Screening for skin cancer in the general population is not recommended . in areas of high prevalence, education of the public in primary prevention (use of sunscreen products, hats  and other protective clothing ) and in early detection (self-referral for suspicious lesions )in more rational. Resource levels required. Low for screening by inspection of exposed skin by primary car workers, but the technique needs validation ; high for biopsy and surgery. Liver cancer Screening is not recommended . no accurate screening test exists, and there is no evidence of any benefit from early detection. Emphasis should be on primary prevention through community-wide action for the prevention of hepatitis B infection, especially in infants .
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